Buku Persamaan Ic Dan Transistor Amplifier

Terimakasih dan tolong segera dibalas karena saya merasa membutuhkan persamaan ic dan transistor. Data Pdf Persamaan Transistor Dan. Transistor ini disebut transistor bipolar, karena struktur dan prinsip kerjanya tergantung dari perpindahan elektron di kutup negatif mengisi kekurangan elektron (hole) di kutup positif.

Berikut ini daftar komponen yang diperlukan :
R1 = 1,2 Kilo Ohm
R2 = 0,47 Ohm
R3 = 220 Ohm
R4 = 3,9 Kilo Ohm
R5 = 2,2 Kilo Ohm
R6 = 2,2 Kilo Ohm
R7 = 10 Kilo Ohm
R8 = 4,7 Kilo Ohm
R9 = 150 Ohm
R10 = 39 Ohm
R11 = 3,3 Kilo Ohm
R12 = 10 Kilo Ohm
R13 = 4,7 Ohm
R14 = 1 Ohm
R15 = 39 Ohm
R16 = 1 Ohm
R17 = 220 Ohm
R18 = 22 Ohm
R19 = 1,2 Kilo Ohm
R20 = 10 Kilo Ohm
R21 = 220 Ohm
R22 = 680 Ohm
R23 = 3,9 Kilo Ohm
R24 = 18 Kilo Ohm
R25 = 100 Ohm
R26 = 18 Kilo Ohm
R27 = 680 Ohm
R28 = 1,2 Kilo Ohm
P1 = 1 Kilo Ohm
D1 = 1N4002-7
D2 = 1N4002-7
D3 = 1N4148
D4 = 1N4148
D5 = 1N4148
D6 = 1N4148
D7 = 1N4148
D8 = 1N4148
Q1 = BDW84D
Q2 = BD829
Q3 = BC546
Q4 = BC556
Q5 = BC556
Q6 = BC556
Q7 = BC548
Q8 = BC546
Q9 = BDW83D
Q10 = BD830
Q11 = BC556
C1 = 10uF/63V
C2 = 33pF
C3 = 270pF
C4 = 100nF
C5 = 2,2uF/63V
C6 = 100uF/35V
C7 = 120pF
C8 = 100nF
C9 = 10uF/63V

.
Daftar komponen Rangkaian Pengusir Tikus elektronika:
R1 … 1K
R2,R3 … 15K
C1 … 1nF
C2 … 1uF/16V
C3 … 10nF
C4 … 220nF
C5 … 1000uF/16V
D1..D4 … 1N 4001
IC1 … 555
Tr1 … Trafo 6V/200mA
TD1 … speaker tweeter bentuk corong
F1 … Fuse/sekring 50 mA

Skema Rangkaian Saklar On-Off Digital

Rangkaian elektronika pengusir nyamuk yang saya berikan ini termasuk dalam rangkaian elektronika yang sederhana. Karena kesederhanaannya inilah yang membuatnya mudah untuk dipelajari bagi seorang pemula sekalipun. Selain itu, untuk membuatnya tidak diperlukan biaya tinggi alias sangat murah. Namun demikian aplikasi dari rangkaian ini tentunya tetap sangat bermanfaat dalam kehidupan sehari-hari kita yaitu mengusir nyamuk dari rumah kita. Bahkan dengan alat ini kita juga dapat menggunakannya diluar ruangan, semisal ketika ngeronda ataupun sekedar santai di halaman.
Selain sebagai pengusir nyamuk, rangkaian ini juga bisa digunakan pada jenis serangga ataupun jenis binatang penggangu lainnya. Contohnya adalah pada kecoa dan tikus. Prinsip utama bagaimana rangkaian ini bekerja adalah dengan berdasarkan bahwa serangga atau jenis binatang pengganggu lainnya sangatlah sensitif kepada beberapa frekuensi suara, terutama frekuensi suara yang tinggi. Dengan demikian, disaat rangkaian ini dihidupkan akan membuat jenis-jenis hewan tersebut merasa terganggu dan menjauhkan diri dari alat ini. Berbeda dengan manusia yang tidak dapat mendengar frekuensi suara yang tinggi, maka tentunya tidak akan menyebabkan gangguan suara bagi kita yang berada didekatnya sekalipun.
Untuk gambar dari rangkaian elektronika pengusir nyamuk sendiri, banyak rupanya. Namun saya coba pilihkan yang paling menarik untuk dicoba aplikasikan yaitu bekerjanya secara otomatis karena dikendalikan oleh Light Depending Resistor/ LDR. Alat ini akan menyala dengan sendirinya bila berada di lokasi yang gelap, dan sebaliknya akan mati bila dilokasi terang. Dengan begini alat akan otomatis bekerja jika lampu kamar kita dimatikan.
Perlu diingat kembali ya bahwa rangkaian ini menggunakan speaker untuk mengeluarkan frekuensi yang sama dikeluarkan oleh nyamuk jantan. Pada waktu bukannya musim untuk kawin, maka nyamuk betina akan menjauhi frekuensi ini. Dengan begitu nyamuk betina yang menghisap darah tidak akan ada disekitar alat ini, sedangkan nyamuk jantan memang tidak menghisap darah. Namun pada musim kawin yang terjadi adalah sebaliknya yaitu nyamuk akan tertarik untuk mendekatinya. Karena itu pilih-pilih saja waktu yang tepat. Oh iya, bila diperdalam lagi mengenai nyamuk maka nyamuk tidak memiliki mata. Mereka berkomunikasi memakai antena yang ada dikepalanya untuk menangkap frekuensi disekitarnya. Selengkapnya bisa disimak pada rangkaian dibawah ini:
Komponen yang diperlukan dari rangkaian diatas adalah N1, N2, N3 = IC4011 dengan transistor tipe NPN biasa. Kemudian C1 = 100mkro Farad, C2=100nf, dan C3=10nf. Nah, silahkan dicoba ya Rangkaian Elektronika Pengusir Nyamuk ini

5.RANKAIAN ELEKTRONIKA SWITCH INFRA MERAH

6. MEMBUAT LAY OUT RANGKAIAN PADA PCB DENGAN TEKNIK PEMINDAHAN TONER

7.MEMBUAT PAPAN NAMA DARI SUSUNAN LED (2 HURUF)

8.8 LED BERJALAN (RUNNING LED WITH 74LS164 SHIFT REGISTER)

Gambar di bawah ini adalah lay out atas dan lay out bawah rangkaian 8 LED Berjalan, lengkap rangkaian catu daya stabil 5 vdc untuk rangkaian 8 LED Berjalan dan 15 vdc untuk rangkaian 8 huruf LED.

10. Penghitung Digital Menggunakan 74LS90

Penghitung Digital Menggunakan 74LS90
Adalah rangkaian penghitung maju 0 s.d 9 dengan IC 74LS90 sebagai komponen utama. Jika pada kaki-kaki input IC (12, 8, 9, 11) berlogika 0, maka pada seven segment akan tampil angka 0. Rangkaian ini secara kontinu menghitung angka mulai dari 0 sampai 9, lalu kembali ke 0 dst.

11. Penggerak Seven Segment

Rangkaian Penggerak Seven Segment
Rangkaian ini sangat sederhana, hanya terdiri dari sebuah IC (74LS47), 7 buah resistor (150 ohm s.d 470 ohm) dan sebuah seven segment. Sangat cocok bagi siswa, mahasiswa teknik elektronika (tingkat 1), maupun hobis pemula.
Di bawah ini adalah susunan kaki pada seven segment common anoda (ca).
Angka 0 ditampilkan seven segment, jika input D (kaki 6), C (kaki 2), B (kaki 1), A (kaki 7) dihubung ke ground (jalur negatif bater). Atau dapat dikatakan secara digital D C B A = 0000.12. Rangkaian LED Berjalan
Komponen utama rangkaian ini adalah IC 4017 yang memiliki 10 keluaran (kaki 3, 2, 4, 7, 10, 1, 5, 6, 9, 11). LED akan menyala satu per satu (model dot). IC 4017 membutuhnya detak yang berasal dari rangkaian astabil.
Skema Rangkaian LED Berjalan

13. Huruf LED

Huruf LED (seri 1)
LED dapat disusun menjadi sebuah huruf. Hubungan antar LED dapat dihubung secara seri ataupun paralel. Susunan LED yang ditampilkan pada gambar di bawah ini dihubung secara paralel.
Setiap huruf LED pada kaki katoda harus dihubungkan dengan kaki kolektor transistor C1815, sedang basis transistor dihubungkan ke resistor (470R). Kaki resistor yang lain dapat dihubungkan ke Output IC 4017 (kaki 3, 2, 4, 7, 10, 1, 5, 6, 9, 11).

14. Skema Dancing LEDs, Following the Rhythm of Music

Dancing LEDs


List Component of Dancing LEDs Circuit

• R1: 10K 1/4W Resistor
• R2,R3: 47K 1/4W Resistors
• R4: 1K 1/4W Resistor
• R5,R6,R7: 100K 1/4W Resistors
• R8: 820R 1/4W Resistor
• C1,C3: 100nF/63V Ceramic or Polyester Capacitors
• C2: 10µF/50V Electrolytic Capacitor
• C4: 330nF/63V Polyester Capacitor
• C5: 100µF/25V Electrolytic Capacitor
• D1: 1N4148
• D2-D11: LEDs (any type and color)
• IC1: LM358
• IC2: 4017
• M1: electret microphone
• SW1: SPST Switch
• B1: 9V PP3 Battery

Additional circuit parts:

• R9,R10: 10K 1/4W Resistors
• R11: 56R 1/4W Resistor
• D12,D13 etc.: LEDs (any type and color)
• Q1,Q2: BC327
• Q3: BC337

Note:

• The sensitivity of the circuit can be varied changing R4 value.
• C4 value can be varied from 220 to 470nF in order to change the circuit speed-response to music peaks.
• Adopting the additional circuit, only one item for R10, R11, Q1 and Q2 is required to drive up to ten LED strips. On the contrary, one item of R9 and Q3 is necessary to drive each of the strips you decided to use.
• Each R9 input must be connected to IC2 output pins, in place of the LEDs D2-D11 shown. R8 must also be omitted.
• Whishing to use a lower number of LEDs or LED strips, pin #15 of IC2 must be disconnected from ground and connected to the first unused output pin.
• For example: if you decided to use 5 LEDs, pin #15 of IC2 must be connected to pin #1; if you decided to use 8 LEDs, pin #15 of IC2 must be connected to pin #9 etc.
• Current drawing of the circuit is about 10mA.
• Whishing to use a wall-plug adapter instead of a 9V battery, you can supply the circuit at 12V, allowing the use of up to 6 LEDs per strip, or at 15V, allowing the use of up to 7 LEDs per strip.

15.Rangkaian Speaker Protector sederhana

Speaker Protector sederhana


16. Rangkaian LED 220VAC Sebagai Lampu Penerangan

• Leds
• Elektronika
• Directories
• Video Watch
• Video Blogs
• Kansas city wedding photographersRangkaian LED 220VAC Sebagai Lampu Penerangan

Skema rangkaian LED 220VAC

17. Rangkaian Pendeteksi Angin

Rangkaian Pendeteksi Angin

List Component

18. Rangkaian Charge Monitor for 12V battery

This circuit project is a function for monitoring the charge level of 12 volt batteries continuously. The circuit possesses two vital features:

1. reduces the requirement of human attention by about 85%.
2. highly accurate and sophisticated methods.

A battery is a vital element of any battery-backed system. In many cases the battery is more expensive than the systems it is backing up. We need to Adopt Hence all practical measures to Conserve battery life.
As per manufacturer's data sheets, a 12V rechargeable battery operated Should be within 10. IV and 13.8V. When the battery charges higher than 13.8V it is said to be overcharged, and it discharges below 10.IV Pls Can it be Deeply discharged. A single event of overcharge or deep discharge Can bring down the charge-holding capacity of a battery by 15 to 20%.
Note:
For calibrating the upper and lower reference levels, a digital multimeter and a variable regulated power supply source are required. For calibrating the lower reference voltage, follow the steps given below:

• Set the output of power supply source to 10. IV.
• Connect the power supply source in place of the battery.
• Now the display will show some reading. At this point vary preset VR2 until the reading on the display just changes from 1 to 0.
• The higher reference voltage is calibrated similarly by setting the power supply to 13.8V and varying preset VR1 until reading on the display just changes from 8 to 9.

How to Work a Circuit of Charge Monitor for 12V Battery
Input from the battery under test is applied to LM3914 1C. This applied voltage is ranked anywhere between 0 and 10, depending upon its magnitude. The lower reference voltage of 10.IV is ranked '0' and the upper voltage of 13.8V is ranked as '10.' (Outputs 9 and 10 are logically ORed in this circuit.) This calibration of reference voltages is explained above.
1C 74LS147 is a decimal-to-BCD priority encoder which converts the output of LM3914 into its BCD complement. The true BCD is obtained by using the hex inverter 74LS04. This BCD output is displayed as a decimal digit after con version using IC5 (74LS247), which is a BCD-to-seven-segment decoder/driver. The seven-segment LED display (LTS-542) is used because it is easy to read compared to a bar graph or, for that matter, an analogue meter. The charge status of the battery can be quickly calculated from the display. For instance, if the display shows 4, it means that the battery is charged to 40 per cent of its maximum value of 13.8V.
The use of digital principles enables us to employ a buzzer that sounds whenever there is an overcharge or deep discharge, or there is a need to conserve battery charge. A buzzer is wired in the circuit such that it sounds whenever battery-charge falls to ten per cent. At this point it is recommended that unnecessary load be switched off and the remaining charge be conserved for more important purposes.
Another simple combinational logic circuit can also be designed that will sound the buzzer when the display shows 9. Further charging should be stopped at this point in order to pre vent overcharge

19. Rangkaian Magnetic proximity sensors

The magnetic proximity switch sensor circuit, in principle, consists of a reed switch at its heart. When a magnet is brought in the vicinity of the reed switch it operates and controls the rest of the switching circuit. In place of the reed switch, one may, as well, use a general-purpose electromagnetic reed relay as the sensor, if required. These tiny reed relays are easily available as they are widely used in telecom products. The reed switch or relay to be used with this circuit should be the normally open type.
When a magnet is brought in the vicinity of the sensor element for a moment, the contacts of the reed switch close to trigger timer IC1 wired in monostable mode. As a consequence its output at pin 3 goes high for a short duration and supplies clock to the clock input (pin 3 CD4013). LED D2 is used as a response indicator.
This CMOS IC2 consists of two independent flip-flops though here only one is used. Note that the flip-flop is wired in toggle mode with data input (pin 5) connected to the Q (pin 2) output. On receipt of clock pulse, the Q output changes from low to high state and due to this the relay driver transistor T1 gets forward-biased. As a result the relay RL1 is energised.

20. Rangkaian Pengukur Jarak

sensor and cable making

21. Rangkaian Indikator Suhu Air.

Indikator Suhu Air

Note:

• Op-Amp: LM324 or any quad opamp can be used or even four single op-amps.
• R2-R5: 330ohm resistors, but Lower values give brighter LED output.
• NTC1-4: Cold resistance was around 300K, hot resistance 15k. Alternative thermistors may be used with different resistance ranges, but the presets P1 to P4 must also be changed as well.
• R7-10: only required if your thermistors resistance is several ohms at the hottest temperature.
• P1 - P4: Chosen to match the resistance of the thermistor when cold.
• R1 & R6: 100k Resistor

Masking tape was used to stick the bead thermistors to the tank. Wires were soldered and insulated at the thermistors ends. A plastic box was used to house the circuit. Battery life will probably be 4 to 5 years depending on how often you use the push switch, SW1.
Thermistors NTC1-4 should be spread evenly over the height of the tank. I placed NTC1 roughly 4 inches from the top of my tank and the others were spaced evenly across the height of the hot water tank. As hot water rises the lowest sensor indicates the fullest height of hot water and should be about 8 to 10 inches from the bottom of the tank.
With a full tank of hot water adjust P1-4 so that all LED's are lit. As hot water rises, the sensor at the bottom of the tank will be the maximum level of hot water. 'Hot' can be translated as 50C to 80C the presets P1-4 allow adjustment of this range.

22. Rangkaian Speedometer Digital

Speedometer Digital

For a vehicle such as LML Vespa, with a wheel circumference of 1.38 metres, and number of pulses equal to 10 per revolution, we get the relationship:
This speedometer can measure up to 99 kmph with a resolution of 1 kmph. The range can be increased up to 999 kmph by adding another stage consisting of one each of ICs 7490, 74175, 7447 and a 7-segment display

23. Rangkaian pengukur jarak Digital

Pengukur jarak Digital
This circuit measures the distance covered during a walk. Hardware is located in a small box slipped in pants' pocket and the display is conceived in the following manner: the leftmost display D2 (the most significant digit) shows 0 to 9 Km. and its dot is always on to separate Km. from hm. The rightmost display D1 (the least significant digit) shows hundreds meters and its dot illuminates after every 50 meters of walking. A beeper (excludable), signals each count unit, occurring every two steps.

Note:

• Experiment with placement and sloping degree of mercury switch inside the box: this is very critical.
• Try to obtain a pulse every two walking steps. Listening to the beeper is extremely useful during setup.
• Trim R6 value to change beeper sound power.
• Push P1 and P2 to reset.
• This circuit is primarily intended for walking purposes. For jogging, further great care must be used with mercury switch placement to avoid undesired counts.
• When the display is disabled current consumption is negligible, therefore SW3 can be omitted.

24. Rangkaian Sensor Pendeteksi Warna

Sensor Pendeteksi Warna
This circuit can sense eight colours, i.e. blue, green and red (primary colours); magenta, yellow and cyan (secondary colours); and black and white. The circuit is based on the fundamentals of optics and digital electronics. The object whose colour is required to be detected should be placed in front of the system.

Note:

• Potmeters VR1, VR2 and VR3 may be used to adjust the sensitivity of the LDRs.
• Common ends of the LDRs should be connected to positive supply.
• Use good quality light filters.

The light rays reflected from the object will fall on the three convex lenses which are fixed in front of the three LDRs. The convex lenses are used to converge light rays. This helps to increase the sensitivity of LDRs. Blue, green and red glass plates (filters) are fixed in front of LDR1, LDR2 and LDR3 respectively. When reflected light rays from the object fall on the gadget, the coloured filter glass plates determine which of the LDRs would get triggered. The circuit makes use of only AND gates and NOT gates.
When a primary coloured light ray falls on the system, the glass plate corresponding to that primary colour will allow that specific light to pass through. But the other two glass plates will not allow any light to pass through. Thus only one LDR will get triggered and the gate output corresponding to that LDR will become logic 1 to indicate which colour it is. Similarly, when a secondary coloured light ray falls on the system, the two primary glass plates corres- ponding to the mixed colour will allow that light to pass through while the remaining one will not allow any light ray to pass through it. As a result two of the LDRs get triggered and the gate output corresponding to these will become logic 1 and indicate which colour it is.
When all the LDRs get triggered or remain untriggered, you will observe white and black light indications respectively.
The LDR is mounded in a tube, behind a lens, and aimed at the object. The coloured glass filter should be fixed in front of the LDR as shown in the figure. Make three of that kind and fix them in a suitable case. Adjustments are critical and the gadget performance would depend upon its proper fabrication and use of correct filters as well as light conditions.

25. Rangkaian Pengukur Suhu Air Digital

IC LM340A Sesor Suhu

Parameters IC LM340A

• Output Current: 1000 mA
• Output Voltage: 7.5, 12, 15, 8, 5 Volt
• Input Min Voltage: 7.5, 14.8, 10.5, 17.9 Volt
• Input Max Voltage: 35 Volt
• Temperature Min: 0 deg C
• Temperature Max: 70, 125 deg C
• RegType: Linear Regulator

IC CA3161E Description

Absolute Maximum Ratings IC CA3161E

• DC VSUPPLY (Between Terminals 1 and 10) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .+7.0V
• Input Voltage (Terminals 1, 2, 6, 7). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .+5.5V
• Output Voltage
• Output “Off”. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . +7V
• Output “On” (Note 1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . +10V

IC CA3162E Description

Absolute Maximum Ratings IC CA3162E

• DC Supply Voltage (Between Pins 7 and 14) . . . . . . . . . . . . . +7V
• Input Voltage (Pin 10 or 11 to Ground). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15V
• Temperature Range CA3162E. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 to 75oC
• Temperature Range CA3162AE . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -40oC to 85oC
• Maximum Junction Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150oC
• Maximum Storage Temperature Range . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .-65oC to 150oC
• Maximum Lead Temperature (Soldering 10s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300oC.

26. Rangkaian Pengukur kecepatan Udaran

For proper working, the air must pass over both the transistors (Q1 and Q2).
The resistors used are not standard values. So you need to use the combination (series or parallel) of resistors to attain the specified values. Please note that the resistor values are very critical in this circuit.
IC LT1013 Description

Absolute maximum ratings IC LT1013

• Supply voltage : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . +22 V/ –22 V
• Input voltage range, VI (any input) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . VCC– –5 V to VCC+
• Differential input voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 30 V
• Duration of short-circuit current at (or below) 25 C . . . . . . . . . . Unlimited
• Package thermal impedance, θJA : D package . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 C/W
• P package . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . 85 C/W
• Case temperature for 60 seconds: FK package . . . . . . . . . . . . 260 C
• Lead temperature 1,6 mm (1/16 inch) from case for 10 seconds: D or P package . . . . 260 C
• JG package . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300 C
• Storage temperature range, Tstg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . –65 C to 150 C

27. Rangkaian Pendeteksi Sinyal Electromagnetic

Features IC LF351
• Internally trimmed offset voltage: 10 mV
• Low input bias current: 50 pA
• Low input noise voltage: 25 nV/
• Low input noise current: 0.01 pA/
• Wide gain bandwidth: 4 MHz
• High slew rate: 13 V/µs
• Low supply current: 1.8 mA
• High inputimpedance: 1012 Ohm
• Low total harmonic distortion AV=10,: <0.02% RL=10k, VO=20 Vp-p, BW=20 Hz-20 kHz
• Low 1/f noise corner: 50 Hz
• Fast settling time to 0.01%: 2 µs

28. Rangkaian Pendeteksi Metal

Note:
The switch S1 can be a slide type ON/OFF switch.
The POT R1 can be used to adjust the sensitivity of the circuit.
IC CS209A Description

Absolute Maximum Ratings
Supply Voltage ................................................................................................24V
Power Dissipation (TA = 125¡C).............................................................200mW
Storage Temperature Range ....................................................Ð55¡C to +165¡C
Junction Temperature...............................................................Ð40¡C to +150¡C
Electrostatic Discharge (except TANK pin) ................................................2kV
Lead Temperature Soldering
Wave Solder(through hole styles only) ...........10 sec. max, 260¡C peak
Reflow (SMD styles only) ...........60 sec. max above 183¡C, 230¡C peak

29. Rangkaian Sensor Parkir Mobil

Note:

• D1 & D2 must be mounted close (~2cm)
• D1 can be a general purpose IR LED.
• D2 can be general purpose IR photo diode with sun filter.
• Transmitter as well as receiver can be powered from the car battery.
• For proper working of the circuit, some trial and error is needed with the position of D1 and D2 on the dash board.

Lay out IC LM324
Features
Internally frequency compensated for unity gain
Large DC voltage gain 100 dB
Wide bandwidth (unity gain) 1 MHz (temperature compensated)
Wide power supply range:Single supply 3V to 32V or dual supplies ±1.5V to ±16V
Very low supply current drain (700 μA)—essentially
independent of supply voltage
Low input biasing current 45 nA (temperature compensated)
Low input offset voltage 2 mV and offset current: 5 nA
Input common-mode voltage range includes ground
Differential input voltage range equal to the power supply voltage
Large output voltage swing 0V to V+ − 1.5V

30. Lampu otomatis menggunakan photocell (LDR)

photocell
A light sensor (photodetector) that varies its resistance between its two terminals based on the amount of photons (light) it receives. Used for photographic light meters, automatic on-at-dusk street lights and other light-sensitive applications, it is also called a 'light dependent resistor' (LDR) and 'photoresistor.'
The photocell's semiconductor material is typically cadmium sulfide (CdS), but other elements are also used. Photocells and photodiodes are used for similar applications; however, the photocell passes current bi-directionally, whereas the photodiode is unidirectional.
Photocells come in a variety of packages such as this assortment from PerkinElmer. As the photocell receives more photons, the resistance is lowered between the two terminals.

31. Rangkaian Pendeteksi (Sensor) Kelembaban Udara

Pendeteksi (Sensor) Kelembaban Udara

32. Rangkaian Pendeteksi Sensor Ketinggian Level Air

list Components of Water level Detection

• T1 - T5 BC 548 or 2N2222
• R1-R5 2.2K 1/4 W
• R6-R10 22K 1/4 W
• D1 - D5 LED’s

33. Rangkaian Pendeteksi obyek Dengan Infra Red

Infra red (infra red) is the diffraction wavelength elektromagnet more than its visible light is between 700 nm and 1 mm. Infra red rays of light is not visible. If viewed with the light spektroskop the infra red light radiation will be visible on the spectrum elektromagnet with wavelength on the wavelength red light. With this long wave infra red light so it will not appear by the heat radiation, but it still feels embossed / detected.
because the infra red is not visible by naked eye so the idea arose to create a tool pendeteksi movement using infra red this
in the image below is the following circuit diagram of an infrared motion detector that can be used to sense intrusions. Infra red rays reflected from a static object will be in one phase, and the rays reflected from a moving object will be in another phase.The circuit uses this principle to sense the motion.
Skema Rangkaian Pendeteksi obyek Dengan Infra Red
how to work a circuit of Pendeteksi obyek Infra Red
NE 555 is wires as an astable multivibrator . IR diode connected at the output of this IC produces infrared beams of frequency 5Khz. These beams are picked by the photo transistor Q1 . At normal condition ie; when there is no intrusion the output pin (7) of IC2 will be low. When there is an intrusion the phase of the reflected waveforms has a difference in phase and this phase difference will be picked by the IC2. Now the pin 7 of the IC 2 goes high to indicate the intrusion. An LED or a buzzer can be connected at the output of the IC to indicate the intrusion.
Note:

• Comparators IC2a and IC2b are belonging to the same IC2 (LM1458).
• When there is disturbance in the air or vehicles passing nearby, the circuit may get false triggered.
• POT R5 can be used for sensitivity adjustment

34. Rangkaian Pendeteksi Air Hujan sederhana

Rangkain PendeteksiAir Hujan
circuit of rain detector uses a sensor made of a small piece of etched PC board and a simple SCR circuit to detect rain and sound a buzzer. The SCR could also be used to activate a relay, turn on a lamp, or send a signal to a security system.
Component list of rain detector

• R1 1K 1/4 W Resistor
• R2 680 Ohm 1/4 W Resistor
• D1 1N4001 Silicon Diode
• BZ1 12V Buzzer
• S1 SPST Switch
• SCR1 C106B1 SCR 106CY
• SENSOR

The sensor is a small piece of PC board etched to the pattern showen in the schematic. The traces should be very close to each other, but never touching. A large spiral pattern would also work.
Make sure to use a loud buzzer.

35. Rangkaian Alat Bantu Pendengaran

36. Microphone Condenser Pre Amplifier Circuit

List componet of condenser pre-amp mic circuitQ1,Q2 : LM1458 Op-Amp
R1,R2,R3 : 4.7k ohm resistor
R4, R5 : 10k ohm resistor
R6,R7 : 47k ohm resistor
C1, : 0.22uF ceramic capacitor
C2 : 1uF ceramic capacitor
Absolute maximum ratings of LM 1458 IC
Supply Voltage : ±18V
Power Dissipation : 400 mW
Differential Input Voltage : ±30V
Input Voltage : ±15V
Output Short-Circuit Duration: Continuous
Operating Temperature Range : 0°C to +70°C
Storage Temperature Range : −65°C to +150°C
Lead Temperature :(Soldering, 10 sec.) 260°C

37. Rangkaian Op-Amp (LM741) Pre-Amp Mic

Op-Amp Pre-Amp Mic
This is the circuit of Op-Amp Microphone Preamplifier using a single power supply, this circuit suitable for dynamic or electret microphones. Nothing too special here. The Schematic is shown using a dynamic microphone, for use with an electret a pair of suitable biasing resistor is required to power the electret microphone.
Skema rangkaian op-amp pre-amp mic

• use a capacitor with voltage 25volt or more
• so that the sound produced maximal use supplay good voltage, with output of 18 volts max
• If the desired strengthening of the different, you can change the value of R1 or R2

The design is a standard non-inverting design, the input is applied to the non-inverting input of the op-amp, which is pin 3 in most cases. The input impedance is 23.5k, the overall voltage gain is determined by R2 and R1according to the following formula:
Vo = (R2 / R1) + 1
With the values of R2 and R1 on the diagram of the voltage gain (for mid band, 1kHz) is approximately 23x or 27.2dB.
Pinning IC Op-Amp LM741

38. Rangkaian Audio Mixer 6 Channel

The output of Each channel drives the RV1-6, that regulation potesometer level of sound. With RV7-12 We create conditions of balance Between two channels (BALANCE). All the signals from the input channels in this point are added by two adders [IC1a-b], for Each channel Here exist two Trimmer TR1-2 That adjust the gain of Each IC, adapting the level of signal of the output, in the level That We Want. They Can be suppressed if you do not need something and Standard and Poor. The next stage is a equalizer, three bands of regulation. The IC3α-b, constitute the output of the mixer, they want a one acre have gain and they want the make the essential isolation of the previous stages, with the unit That We Will drives. For whoever they want want they want use headphones, it exists a classic circuit drive of headphones, round the IC2a-b, that give the output in the JF13. It Can Also Also exist optical clue of audio levels, with a stereo VUMETER.
List component

• R1-12=4.7Kohms
• R13-24=10Kohms
• R25-26=22Kohms .
• R27-30-34-39=100ohms
• R28-29-36-37=100Kohms
• R31-42=10Kohms
• R32-41=4.7Kohms
• R33-40=10Kohms
• R35-38=47ohms
• RV1....4=47Kohms Log.
• RV5-6-13=2X47Kohms Log.
• RV7....12=10Kohms Lin. pot. Log
• C1....8=10uF 25V
• C9-11=47pF ceramic or mylar
• C10-12=47uF 25V
• C13-14=100uF 25V
• C15-16=2.2uF 16V
• C18-21=100pF ceramic or mylar
• C19-20=220uF 25V
• TR1-2=4.7Kohms trimmer
• Q1-3=BD139
• Q2-4=BD140
• IC2=NE5532 - TL072

All the Resistors is 1/4W 1% metal film C18-21=100pF ceramic or mylar

39. Microphone Komputer

Microphone Komputer


Transistor BC413

• Collector Emitter Voltage VCEO 30 V
• Collector Base Voltage VCBO 45 V
• Emitter Base Voltage VEBO 5.0 V
• Collector Current Continuous IC 100 mA
• Power Dissipation at Ta=25ºC PD 350 Mw Derate Above 25ºC 2.8 mW/ºC
• Power Dissipation at Tc=25ºC PD 1.0 W Derate Above 25ºC 8.0 mW/ºC
• Operating and Storage Junction TJ, Tstg ºC - 55 to +150

Transistor BC547C

• Collector-Base Voltage VCBO (IE = 0) 50 V
• Collector-Emitter Voltage VCEO (IB = 0) 45 V
• Emitter-Base Voltage VEBO (IC = 0) 6 V
• Collector Current IC 100 mA
• Collector Peak Current ICM 200 mA
• Total Dissipation at Ptot TC = 25 oC 500 mW
• Storage Temperature Tstg -65 to 150 oC
• Operating Junction Temperature Tj Max. 150 oC

40. Rangkaian Pre-Amp Mic Condenser

Pre-Amp Mic Condenser

all capacitor (elco) using 25-voltto avoid the buzzing sound, use a good regulator supplayThis circuit can provide voltage 6-20volt

Pin BC109

1. Emitter
2. Base
3. ollector, connected to the case

BC109 limiting values
collector-base voltage 30 V
collector-emitter voltage 20 V
emitter-base voltage 5 V
collector current (DC) 100 mA
peak collector current 200 mA
peak base current 200 mA
total power dissipation Tamb £ 25 °C - 300 mW
storage temperature 65 +150 °C
junction temperature 175 °C
operating ambient temperature -65 +150 °C
DC current gain (hFE) IC = 10 mA; VCE = 5 V 100 -- 270

41. Rangkaian Pre-Amp Mic 2 Transistor.

Transistor BC549 Absolute maximum rating

• VCBO collector-base voltage open emitter...............30 V.
• VCEO collector-emitter voltage open base...............30 V.
• VEBO emitter-base voltage open collector................5 V.
• IC collector current (DC)........................................100 mA.
• ICM peak collector current......................................200 mA.
• IBM peak base current............................................200 mA.
• Ptot total powerdissipation Tamb £ 25 °C..................500 mW.
• Tstg storage temperature...................................... -65 to +150 °C.
• Tj junction temperature..........................................150 °C.
• Tamb ambient temperature..................................... -65 to +150 °C.
• hFE DC current gain VCE = 5 V, IC = 2 mA .............420 to 800.

Transistor BC546 Absolute maximum rating

• VCBO collector-base voltage open emitter..................80 V.
• VCEO collector-emitter voltage open base..................65 V.
• VEBO emitter-base voltage open collector..................6 V.
• IC collector current (DC).........................................100 mA.
• ICM peak collector current.......................................200 mA.
• IBM peak base current.............................................200 mA.
• Ptot total power dissipation Tamb £ 25 °C.................. 500 mW.
• Tstg storage temperature........................................ -65 +150 °C.
• Tj junction temperature...........................................150 °C.
• Tamb operating ambient temperature ........................-65 +150 °C.
• hFE DC current gain VCE = 5 V, IC = 10 mA..............150.

42. Hifi stereo pre-amp head

C15, 16, 17 provide power supply filtering. D1 provides protection in case of incorrect supply polarity. The LED is a power on indicator and may be omitted if not required, or preferably mounted on the enclosure. If you are not using a switch pot, you can connect an external switch across the P1 switch pins, or connect a wire link there and switch the power supply.
The power supply is critical to the noise performance of the pre-amp head. An on board regulator is provided to reduce mains hum. If you wish to use it with a car or other 12V battery, then you should omit the 7812 regulator, and place a wire link between the regulator input and output pin positions on the PC board. Do not short to earth! This will be necessary because the regulator must have an input voltage at least 2-3V greater than it’s output, for it to maintain regulation. However the regulator will not be necessary with a battery supply.
If using a plug pack, it’s output voltage should be 15 to 18V DC. Because most plug packs have poor regulation, one rated at 12V DC will often be around 15V when lightly loaded. The current drain of the pre-amp is less than 50 mA, so many 12 V unregulated supplies may be adequate if you have one. Replace D1 with a wire link if necessary, making sure you have the supply polarity correct!
If you are using a 15-20V supply for your power amplifier, you can use that as your pre-amp supply as well. Make sure you test the voltage first in all cases.

43. Rangkaian Pre- Amp mic 3 input - lm741

Note:
• Use+15/-15 V DC dual power for powering this circuit.
• All inputs and output must be connected with respect to the ground.
• Capacitors C1, C2 and C3 must be rated 10V and other capacitors must be 30V.
General Description

The LM741 series are general purpose operational amplifiers which feature improved performance over industry standards like the LM709. They are direct, plug-in replacements for the 709C, LM201, MC1439 and 748 in most applications. The amplifiers offer many features which make their application nearly foolproof: overload protection on the input and output, no latch-up when the common mode range is exceeded, as well as freedom from oscillations. The LM741C is identical to the LM741/LM741A except that the LM741C has their performance guaranteed over a 0°C to +70°C temperature range, instead of −55°C to +125°C.

44. Rangkaian Microphone/Mic FM Wireless

List Component of Microphone/Mic Wireless
1 = 10K (brown-black-orange)
R2,R3 = 100K (brown-black-yellow)
R4 = 470 ohm (yellow-violet-brown)
C1,C3 = 4.7pF (4p7), ceramic
C2,C4 = 4.7uF-16V, electrolytic
C5 = 0.001uF (1nF), ceramic
C6 = 470pF, ceramic
Q1,Q2 = 2N2222, NPN transistor
L1 = 1uH, variable inductor
Mic = Electret mike, 2 wires
Q1 amplifies the input signal via C4 from the electret microphone. Q2 acts as an oscillator and the signal coming off C2 is fed onto the base of Q2. L1/C1 is a so called ‘tank’ circuit and operates in the 88-105MHz band on your regular AM/FM radio dial.
L1 is a 1uH variable inductor coil to be able to tune it a little bit, and the range of 1uH is approximate. The antenna can be as simple as a 8″ (21cm) piece of wire of any kind

45. Rangkaian Audio Mixer 3 Input

Skema Rangkaian Audio Mixer 3 Input

• The circuit can be assembled on a Vero board.
• The circuit can be powered from 9-25V DC.
• of each channel can be set using Variable resistor 10k

Transistors in the following series is enabled as a source of constant flow. By providing input audio signal on the emitter, the voltage on the emitter will fluctuate, which will cause the collector voltage also fluctuates. The amount of frequency fluctuation is comparable with the frequency of the incoming audio signal.

46. Circuits of audio pre-Amp mic

Simple audio Pre-Amp mic
This circuitsuse infront an RF oscilator to make an RF transmitter that is very sensitive to sound

47. Rangkaian Infra Red Remote Tester

Infra Red Remote Tester


Following the specification of components installed

• Transistor BC557
• TSOP 1738 Sensor Infra Red
• R1 = 10k ohm ¼ watt Resistor
• R2 = 1k ohm ¼ watt Resistor
• R3 = 1k ohm ¼ watt Resistor
• BZ = piezo disc
• led

TSOP 1738 Sensor Infra Red
Features

• Photodetector and preamplifier circuit in the same casing.
• Receives and amplifies the infrared signal without any external component.
• 5 V output (active at level 0).
• 38 kHz integrated oscillator.
• High sensitivity.
• High level of immunity to ambient light.
• Improved shielding against electrical field interference.
• TTL and CMOS compatibility.
• Applications: infrared remote control.

Technical specification

• Supply: 5 V
• Power consumption: 0.4 to 1.0 mA
• Min. Ee irradiation: 0.35 mW/m2 typ.
• Angle of detection: 90
• Dimensions of the casing (mm): 12.5 x 10 x Thickness 5.8
• Temperature range: -25 C to +85 C

48. Rangkaian Remote Control Ultrasonic

Note:

• switch S1 can be a push button switch.
• The preset R16 can be used to adjust the sensitivity of the receiver.
• The frequency of the ultrasonic signal can be varied by adjusting the preset R17.Adjust it for optimum performance.

The ultrasonic receiver uses an sensor transducer (K2) to sense the ultrasonic signals. When an ultrasonic signal is falling on the sensor, it produces a proportional voltage signal at its output. This weak signal is amplified by the two stage amplifier circuit comprising of transistors Q3 and Q4.The output of the amplifier is rectified by the diodes D3 & D4.The rectified signal is given to the inverting input of the opamp which is wired as a comparator. When ever there is an ultrasonic signal falling on the receiver, the output of the comparator activates the transistors Q5 & Q6 to drive the relay. In this way the load connected via the relay can be switched. The diode D5 is used as a free wheeling diode.
Features IC CA3140

• Very High Input Impedance (ZIN) -1.5TΩ (Typ)
• Very Low Input Current (Il) -10pA (Typ) at ±15V
• Wide Common Mode Input Voltage Range (VlCR) - Can be wung 0.5V Below Negative Supply Voltage Rail
• Output Swing Complements Input Common Mode
• Directly Replaces Industry Type 741 in Most Applications
• Pb-Free Plus Anneal Available (RoHS Compliant)
• 
  

Pin Connection Ic NE 555

• Ground, is the input pin of the source of the negative DC voltage
• Trigger, negative input from the lower comparators (comparator B) that maintain oscillation capacitor voltage in the lowest 1 / 3 Vcc and set RS flip-flop
• Output, the output pin of the IC 555.
• Reset, the pin that serves to reset the latch inside the IC to be influential to reset the IC work. This pin is connected to a PNP-type transistor gate, so the transistor will be active if given a logic low. Normally this pin is connected directly to Vcc to prevent reset
• Control voltage, this pin serves to regulate the stability of the reference voltage negative input (comparator A). This pin can be left hanging, but to ensure the stability of the reference comparator A, usually associated with a capacitor of about 10nF to berorde pin groun
• Threshold, this pin is connected to the positive input (comparator A) which will reset the RS flip-flop when the voltage on the capacitor from exceeding 2 / 3 Vc
• Discharge, this pin is connected to an open collector transistor Q1 is connected to ground emitternya. Switching transistor serves to clamp the corresponding node to ground on the timing of certain
• Vcc, pin it to receive a DC voltage supply. Usually will work optimally if given a 5-15V. the current supply can be seen in the datasheet, which is about 10-15mA.

49. Rangkaian Remote Control IC 555

Depending on the manufacturer, the standard 555 package includes over 20 transistors, 2 diodes and 15 resistors on a silicon chip installed in an 8-pin mini dual-in-line package (DIP-8).
The 556 is a 14-pin DIP that combines two 555s on a single chip. The 558 is a 16-pin DIP that combines four slightly modified 555s on a single chip (DIS & THR are connected internally, TR is falling edge sensitive instead of level sensitive).
Also available are ultra-low power versions of the 555 such as the 7555 and TLC555. The 7555 requires slightly different wiring using fewer external components and less power.
The connection of ic 555 as follows:

• GND(1)Ground, low level (0V)
• TRIG(2)A short pulse high-to-low on the trigger starts the timer
• OUT(3)During a timing interval, the output stays at +VCC
• RESET(4)A timing interval can be interrupted by applying a reset pulse to low (0V)
• CTRL (5)Control voltage allows access to the internal voltage divider (2/3 VCC)
• THR (6)The threshold at which the interval ends (it ends if U.thr → 2/3 VCC)
• DIS (7)Connected to a capacitor whose discharge time will influence the timing interval
• V+, VCC(8) The positive supply voltage which must be between 3 and 15 V

50. Rangkaian Radio Remote Control Mobil Mainan

Making transformer TX and RX:

Transformer wire to wire to use in the unloading of koker, and slowly open the wire coil inside the existing wire koker because it is quite smooth and easy to drop out

• coil wire from the foot of the number to 5 feet 4 hours direction (CW) of 3-and-roll at level 1 (line at the bottom line above)
• Scroll through the wire from 1 foot to 2 feet clockwise roll of 4 on the exact level 2.
• Continue to roll (from step 2) clockwise a quarter roll of 3 to 3 feet in three levels. (You can set exactly a quarter roll, because the path that has kokernya be split into 4).

Making coil L1
Scroll through the copper wire diameter size of 0.3 - 0.5 mm of 10 quarter roll koker in diameter about 4 mm (which will be released later) is also clockwis
Making coil L2
Scroll through the copper wire diameter of 0.1 mm sizes of 50 on the roll without koker plastic ferit diameter about 3.5 - 4 mm (search item from the plastic material used) is also clockwise. The length of the coil along liputi in 5 mm

51. Remote Control infra Merah Sederhana

By using the NE 555 and LM 567, we can make the system infra red remote control. Remote control works based on this reading frequency signal that is sent, so that the transmitter frequency signal must be the same as the receive frequency. Frequency on the remote control transmitter is determined by the value R1 and C1 based on the following equation:
Skema Rangkaian Remote Control Transmitter
Skema Rangkaianpenerima Remote Control
To simplify the process of tunning, R1 at the recipient install a remote control in the variable resistor (VR). while the transmitter constant value (resisitor tetep / normal). If a circuit of remote control has been completed on the raft, to know whether a circuit of working well, the first step must be done is make tunning, with the transmitter is turned on continuously, while R1 is set so that the recipient can detect the signal transmitter. If the tuning is successful, the relay recipient akan romote control switch position (nye-Tech), when it has happened means that a circuit of remote control is working well. to the next can try pressing the switch on the remote control at the sender (transmitter). should switch on when the press kutup relay at the remote recipients will move kutup (nye-Tech)